Organoids: Emerging Models for Development, Disease, and Therapeutics

Abstract

Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) self-organized structures derived from stem cells that recapitulate the architecture and function of native organs. They have transformed biomedical research by bridging the gap between conventional cell culture and human physiology. Organoids are increasingly employed to model development, study disease mechanisms, and test therapeutic strategies. Their application spans oncology, infectious diseases, regenerative medicine, and personalized drug discovery. Despite rapid advances, challenges including vascularization, reproducibility, and clinical translation remain. This review highlights the progress in organoid technology, explores biomedical applications, and discusses future directions to maximize their translation potential.