Global Journal of Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Areas (3049-4168)
Welcome to GJIRMA!! Welcome to the official website of the Global Journal of Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Areas (ISSN: 3049 – 4168) a premier international platform committed to publishing impactful, peer-reviewed research that transcends disciplinary boundaries. Established in March 2025, GJIRMA was founded with the vision of fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing across diverse academic fields. With a monthly publication cycle (12 issues per year), we aim to provide scholars, researchers, professionals, and policymakers with access to cutting-edge insights that address complex, real-world challenges through integrative and innovative approaches. Our journal brings together a vibrant community of contributors and readers from disciplines such as science and technology, social sciences, business, healthcare, education, and the creative arts. By emphasizing interdisciplinary perspectives, we strive to inspire original thought and practical solutions to today’s most pressing issues. Whether you're an academic, a student, or a professional, we invite you to explore our published articles, submit your original research, or join us as a reviewer or editorial board member. GJIRMA is more than a journal — it’s a growing hub of global scholarly excellence.
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A Comprehensive Review on UV–Visible Spectrophotometry
UV–Visible spectrophotometry is a widely employed analytical technique used for both qualitative and quantitative determination of chemical substances that absorb radiation in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The technique primarily operates within the wavelength range of 200–400 nm for ultraviolet analysis and extends up to 800 nm in UV–Visible spectrophotometers. The method is based on the Beer–Lambert law, which establishes a linear relationship between absorbance and concentration, enabling accurate estimation of analyte concentration in solution. Compounds containing chromophores such as conjugated double bonds and aromatic systems exhibit characteristic absorption due to electronic transitions. UV spectrophotometry is extensively utilized in pharmaceutical analysis, biochemical research, environmental monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and quality control laboratories due to its simplicity, rapid analysis, cost-effectiveness, and high sensitivity. Despite limitations such as low selectivity in complex mixtures and solvent interference, it remains a fundamental analytical tool in modern laboratories.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naga Navya Donga, Durga Bhavani Puppala, Navya Andhugula, Durga Prasad M, Edward Raju Gope, Raghava Doonaboyina, Nageshwarao Kavala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCE IN CRYOPRESERVATION : CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Cryopreservation is a fundamental technique in cryobiology that enables the long-term preservation of living cells, tissues, and biological materials at ultra-low temperatures, typically −196 °C in liquid nitrogen. At these temperatures, metabolic and biochemical processes are effectively arrested, allowing the maintenance of cellular viability and genetic stability over extended periods (Mazur, 1984; Pegg, 2007). This review critically examines the scientific principles underlying cryopreservation, including mechanisms of freezing injury, osmotic stress, and the protective role of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) (Gao & Critser, 2000; Ashwood-Smith, 1986). Major cryopreservation methodologies; such as slow freezing, vitrification, droplet vitrification, freeze-drying, and direct immersion in liquid nitrogen; are discussed with respect to their applications in reproductive medicine, biobanking, stem cell preservation, conservation biology, and biomedical research (Fahy et al., 2004; Wowk, 2010). Despite its wide applicability, cryopreservation is limited by ice crystal formation, CPA-induced cytotoxicity, post-thaw functional loss, high infrastructure costs, and technical complexity (Best, 2008; Baust et al., 2009). Recent advances in CPA formulation, nanotechnology-assisted warming, automation, and artificial intelligencebased protocol optimization offer promising strategies to enhance preservation efficiency and clinical translation (Pegg, 2010; Hunt, 2011). Overall, cryopreservation remains an indispensable technology for biological preservation, although continued technological refinement is essential to overcome existing limitations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Javeriya Shaik, Gowthami S, Pravallika J, Sri Vidya Ch, Lavanya K, Basundhara L, Thangabalan b, Rajeev Kumar T (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A REVIEW ON RECENT ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR TEGOPRAZAN
Tegoprazan is a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) that produces rapid, reversible, and sustained inhibition of gastric acid secretion by directly blocking the H⁺/K⁺-ATPase enzyme in parietal cells. Unlike conventional proton pump inhibitors, it does not require acid activation and demonstrates a faster onset of action with stable acid suppression. Owing to its growing clinical importance, robust analytical methods are essential to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. This review systematically summarizes recent analytical techniques employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of tegoprazan in bulk drug substance, pharmaceutical formulations, and biological matrices. Techniques discussed include UV–Visible spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC, LC–MS/MS, NMR spectroscopy, and HPTLC. Each method is critically evaluated with respect to principle, application, sensitivity, and regulatory relevance. Collectively, these analytical approaches support quality control, stability assessment, impurity profiling, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of tegoprazan in accordance with ICH and regulatory requirements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deepika Mande, Tangabalan B (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REVIEW ON MODERN ANALYTICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
Analytical instrumentation plays a central role in pharmaceutical analysis by enabling accurate identification, quantification, and characterization of drug substances and formulations. Modern analytical methods integrate principles of chemistry, physics, electronics, and computer science to achieve high sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility. Techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry are routinely employed to ensure drug quality, safety, and regulatory compliance. Among these, hyphenated techniques like liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and advanced spectroscopic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have significantly expanded analytical capabilities, particularly for complex and thermally unstable compounds. Continuous technological advancements, including automation, miniaturization, and digital data processing, have enhanced analytical throughput and precision while reducing human error. This review presents a systematic overview of modern analytical and instrumental methods used in pharmaceutical analysis, with particular emphasis on LC–MS and NMR instrumentation, their principles, operational parameters, advantages, limitations, and applications in drug development and quality control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naga Tejaswini Chitte, Tangabalan B (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN INTEGRATED REVIEW ON DISCOVERY, PHARMACOLOGY, FORMULATION AND ANALYTICAL VALIDATION OF IBUPROFEN: A PARADIGM IN NSAID DEVELOPMENT
Ibuprofen remains one of the most significant pharmaceutical discoveries of the twentieth century. Initially developed in the 1950s by Dr. Stewart Adams and his team at Boots Pure Drug Company, ibuprofen was designed as a safer alternative to aspirin with comparable analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy but reduced gastrointestinal toxicity. The compound, (2-4-isobutylphenyl propionic acid), emerged through rational structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies on aryl propionic acid derivatives. This review explores ibuprofen’s entire scientific journey—from its chemical discovery and pharmacological mechanism to its manufacturing, analytical evaluation, and regulatory validation. The drug’s physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties are summarized, and its tablet formulation via wet granulation is detailed. Analytical estimations by UV Visible spectrophotometry and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are compared, emphasizing that HPLC offers superior precision, selectivity, and reproducibility in alignment with ICH Q2 (R2) guidelines. The article concludes with a summary of international regulatory requirements governing ibuprofen manufacturing and quality control, highlighting its enduring significance as a model drug for integrated pharmaceutical research and validation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naga Vineela Ananthavaram, Tangabalan B (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REPORTED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATION OF RECENTLY APROVED BIOACTIVES
Modern analytical techniques are used to identify bioactive molecules. These techniques include chromatography, spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The characterization methods available for bioactive molecules include TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, GC, NMR, and Mass Spectrometry. Bioactive molecules are a group of compounds that have been isolated from various parts of plants. The identification and quantification of these molecules are crucial steps in the discovery of new biomolecules and can be utilized as a lead molecule to synthesize increased efficacious molecules. This article aims at the current trends and best methods for separation, identification, characterization, and quantitative estimation of bioactive molecules using various analytical approaches with specific emphasis on advanced chromatographic, spectroscopic, and spectrometric methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sourajit Show (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Simultaneous Estimation of Vildagliptin and Linagliptin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method
A novel and simple RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Vildagliptin and Linagliptin in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method employed a Kromasil C18 column with a mobile phase of orthophosphoric acid buffer and methanol (70:30 v/v), at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, with detection at 292 nm. Validation according to ICH Q2B guidelines demonstrated excellent accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, sensitivity, and specificity. The method showed linear responses between 1–5 µg/ml for both analytes, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. Limits of detection were 0.89 and 0.71 µg/ml, and limits of quantification were 2.99 and 2.39 µg/ml for Vildagliptin and Linagliptin, respectively. Precision studies indicated %RSD values below 0.36%, confirming repeatability. Recovery studies yielded 97–103%, demonstrating accuracy in the presence of formulation excipients. Robustness testing revealed minimal impact of flow rate and temperature variations on retention times and assay results. Application to commercial tablets showed mean assay values close to 100%, with well-resolved symmetrical peaks. This validated RP-HPLC method is accurate, precise, rapid, and economical, suitable for routine quality control, stability studies, and bioequivalence assessments of combined Vildagliptin and Linagliptin formulations. Its robustness and simplicity make it an effective analytical tool for pharmaceutical analysis and regulatory compliance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Global Journal of Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Areas (3049-4168)
SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF GIMERACIL AND OTERACIL POTASSIUM BY RP-HPLC METHOD
A simple, precise, reliable, rapid and reproducible reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Gimeracil Maleate, Oteracil potassium Chromatography is carried out isocratically on X-bridge C18 (100 nm×4.6 nm×5µm)with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% Ortho Phosphoric Acid and Acetonitrile (in the ratio of 90:10 (v/v) at a flow rate of 0.9 ml/min. Detection was carried out using a PDA(2996) detector at 290 nm. Parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, specificity and ruggedness are studied as reported in the ICH-Q2 (R1) guidelines. The retention times of Gimeracil (GEM) and Oteracil potassium (OTP) are 2.9, 6.9min respectively. The linearity range and % recoveries of Gimeracil and Oteracil potassium are 20-150μg/ml and 99%, 101% respectively. The correlation coefficients of ART and PQP are 0.999. The % relative standard deviations for three replicate measurements in three concentrations of samples in tablets are always less than 2%. Developed method was found to be accurate, precise, selective and rapid for simultaneous estimation of Gimeracil and Oteracil potassium in pharmaceutical dosage form. The proposed method can be useful in quality control of bulk Manufacturing and Pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Gimeracil and Oteracil potassium phosphate
Evaluating chlorpheniramine and cetirizine in the treatment of urticaria: A parallel study on efficacy and safety
Hives, or urticaria, is a common skin condition characterized by itchy, red, raised welts that appear suddenly and often recur. It affects 25-30% of the population at some point, predominantly young adults and more females than males. The condition is triggered by the release of histamine from mast cells, leading to swelling and itching. Causes include allergies, infections, physical stimuli, stress, and autoimmune reactions, with about half of chronic cases having unknown origins. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by patient history and symptom pattern. Treatment focuses on symptom relief, primarily using antihistamines. First-generation antihistamines like chlorpheniramine provide symptom relief but with sedative side effects, whereas second-generation antihistamines such as cetirizine offer improved efficacy and tolerability. Studies show cetirizine to be more effective in chronic urticaria management, though side effects vary individually. This article presents a longitudinal, parallel study comparing chlorpheniramine and cetirizine, highlighting their effectiveness and safety profiles to guide optimal urticaria management.
SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF LOBEGLITAZONE AND GLIMEPRIDE IN A PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION BY RP-HPLC
A simple, precise, and accurate reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of lobeglitazone sulphate and glimepiride in bulk and tablet dosage forms. The method involved selecting various chromatographic parameters. Specifically, a new method was developed using a 250 mm × 4.6 mm (HSS) reverse-phase C18 column with 5 µm particle size (Shim-pack C18, 250 × 4.6 mm; 5 µm). The mobile phase consisted of 40 volumes of phosphate buffer (pH 3) and 60 volumes of acetonitrile, with methanol as the diluent, running as an isocratic elution. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection was performed at 254 nm. The injection volume was 2 µL, and the total runtime was 10 minutes. The recoveries for lobeglitazone sulphate were found to be in the range of 101% to 100.6%, while those for glimepiride were in the range of 101.5% to 100%. The method’s accuracy is evident from these results. The inter-day and intra-day precision of the new method were both below the maximum allowable limit (RSD% ≤ 2.0), as per International Council on Harmonisation (Q2 R1) guidelines. The method exhibited a linear response, with correlation coefficient (r2) values of 0.9972% for pioglitazone and 0.998 for glimepiride. The validation parameters, such as accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, stability in the analytical solution and robustness, met the acceptance criteria. Hence, this method can be effectively used for the simultaneous estimation of lobeglitazone sulphate and glimepiride in both bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Organoids: Emerging Models for Development, Disease, and Therapeutics
Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) self-organized structures derived from stem cells that recapitulate the architecture and function of native organs. They have transformed biomedical research by bridging the gap between conventional cell culture and human physiology. Organoids are increasingly employed to model development, study disease mechanisms, and test therapeutic strategies. Their application spans oncology, infectious diseases, regenerative medicine, and personalized drug discovery. Despite rapid advances, challenges including vascularization, reproducibility, and clinical translation remain. This review highlights the progress in organoid technology, explores biomedical applications, and discusses future directions to maximize their translation potential.
Microneedle-Assisted Transferosomes: A Novel Synergistic Strategy for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery
The integration of microneedle (MN) systems with transferosome technology offers a synergistic platform to overcome the stratum corneum barrier, enabling enhanced transdermal delivery of therapeutics. This review elucidates the physicochemical principles, formulation strategies, mechanistic understandings, preclinical and clinical outcomes, safety profiles, and prospects of microneedle-assisted transferosome systems. Emphasis is placed on comparative efficacy, delivery kinetics, and translational opportunities. Tables summarize formulation variables and performance metrics; figures illustrate structural integration and release mechanisms. The review concludes with guidance on regulatory pathways and optimization strategies.
CRISPR-Based Genome Editing in Gene Therapy: Progress, Applications, and Future Directions
The development of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) systems has revolutionized molecular biology and therapeutic research. Originally identified as a bacterial immune system, CRISPR/Cas9 has rapidly evolved into a versatile genome-editing platform with unparalleled simplicity and efficiency. Gene therapy, once hindered by technological and ethical barriers, is now experiencing a renaissance due to CRISPR-enabled precise genetic manipulation. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas systems, advances in delivery platforms, current applications in monogenic and complex diseases, clinical trial progress, challenges such as off-target effects and immune responses, ethical considerations, and future innovations including base editing, prime editing, and epigenome editing. A comprehensive perspective is provided on how CRISPR technology is reshaping the therapeutic landscape and its potential role in precision medicine.
AI-Driven Nanotechnology and Intelligent Nanoparticle Systems for Precision Cancer Diagnosis and Targeted Drug Delivery
Nanotechnology and nanoparticles are transforming oncology by enabling precise cancer diagnosis and targeted drug delivery with reduced systemic toxicity compared to traditional chemotherapy and radiation. Nanoparticles such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric carriers, and metallic nanostructures improve biocompatibility, prolong circulation, and enhance site-specific targeting. In diagnostics, Nano systems including quantum dots, Nano sensors, and biosensors detect tumour biomarkers with high sensitivity, allowing early detection and real-time monitoring. Theragnostic nanoparticles further unify diagnostic and therapeutic roles, advancing personalized cancer care. Recent developments highlight nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy, gene therapy, nano-immunotherapy, and CRISPR-based delivery, supported by clinically approved nanomedicines such as liposomal doxorubicin and albumin-bound paclitaxel. Despite progress, clinical translation faces challenges, including long-term safety, scalable manufacturing, toxicity, and regulatory constraints. Artificial intelligence (AI) now enhances this domain by guiding the rational design of nanoparticles, predicting optimal physicochemical properties, and integrating genomic and clinical data to personalize treatment. AI-powered Nano sensors and machine learning platforms improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic response prediction. The convergence of AI with nanotechnology represents a transformative step toward precision oncology, offering safer, more effective, and individualized cancer therapy.
Simultaneous RP-HPLC Quantification of Praziquantel and Abamectin in Formulations: Method Development and Validation
A validated RP-HPLC method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Praziquantel (PZ) and Abamectin (AB). Chromatographic separation was achieved using Methanol: Tetrahydrofuran: 0.1% Orthophosphoric acid in the ratio 85:05:10 (V/V/V), providing optimum peak shape and low baseline noise on an Inertsil ODS-C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5μ), detected at 272 nm. Total analysis time was 10 minutes with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Standard curves showed correlation coefficients r2r^2r2 ≥ 0.999 over concentrations 5–35 µg/mL for both drugs. The method was successfully applied for drug analysis in bulk and formulations.
Simultaneous Estimation of Decitabine and Cedazuridine in Tablet Dosage Form by RP – HPLC Method
A simple, rapid reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for estimation of Decitabine and Cedazuridine in tablet dosage form. The estimation was carried out on Phenomenex – Luna C18 column (25cm x 4.60 mm, particle size 5µm) column with a mixture of 10mM phosphate buffer (PH 6.8): Acetonitrile; 40: 60 (v/v) as mobile phase. UV detection was performed at 260 nm. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and sensitivity as per ICH norms. The developed and validated method was successfully used for the quantitative analysis of commercially available dosage form. The retention time was 1.53 and 1.47 min. for Decitabine and cedazuridine respectively and total run time was 10 min. at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 40-240 µg/mL for Decitabine and 60-360µg/mL for cedazuridine disoproxil fumarate. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 1.54 and 4.54µg/mL for Decitabine and 4.6 and 13.65µg/mL for cedazuridine respectively. The high percentage of recovery and low percentage coefficient of variance confirm the suitability of the method for the simultaneous estimation of Decitabine and cedazuridinein tablet dosage form.
Transforming Pharmaceutical Sciences: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Clinical Pharmacy, Regulatory Affairs and Pharmacovigilance
pharmacy, regulatory affairs, and pharmacovigilance. AI techniques such as deep learning, machine learning, and natural language processing accelerate drug candidate identification, optimize therapeutic drug monitoring, and predict adverse drug reactions, improving patient safety and personalized medicine. Integration of AI with SAS programming enhances clinical trial data management, automation, and regulatory compliance. AI-powered regulatory tools streamline document management and forecast review outcomes, facilitating faster approvals. Despite challenges like data quality, algorithm transparency, ethical concerns, and regulatory hurdles, responsible AI adoption promises significant advancements in efficiency, precision, and global health outcomes. Emerging trends include multi-omics integration, generative AI for drug and protein design, digital twin simulations, collaborative open-science platforms, and democratization of AI access. Together, these innovations are poised to reshape pharmaceutical research, development, and patient-centric care, promoting ethical governance and accelerating therapeutic innovation across the drug lifecycle.
Simultaneous Estimation of Abiraterone and Niraparib in Pharmaceutical Formulation by RP HPLC Method
An isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of Abiraterone (ABI) and Niraparib (NIR) in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Inertsil C-18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size) using a mobile phase composed of Acetonitrile, Methanol, and Triethylamine buffer (pH adjusted to 3 with o-phosphoric acid) in the ratio of 25:35:40 (v/v). The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min, and detection was carried out at 250 nm. The retention times for ABI and NIR were 3.4 min and 4.5 min, respectively. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The calibration curves showed excellent linearity with correlation coefficients of 0.9998 for ABI (range 5–25 µg/mL) and 0.9997 for NIR (range 2–10 µg/mL). This sensitive, rapid, and robust method was successfully applied to quantify ABI and NIR in combined pharmaceutical tablet formulations, offering a suitable approach for routine quality control analysis.
Comparative Evaluation of Conventional HPLC and Green UHPLC Methods for Vinblastine and Vincristine Separation
The chromatographic separation of Vinblastine and Vincristine was successfully achieved using two distinct approaches. The conventional method utilized an Xterra C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 4.6) and acetonitrile (55:45 v/v), operating at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was performed at 255 nm using a PDA detector. Retention times were 2.399 min and 3.907 min for Vinblastine and Vincristine, respectively. The conventional method demonstrated high purity (100.7% and 101.4%), excellent system suitability with resolution of 8.0, and validation in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, including robust linearity, precision, and sensitivity parameters. To enhance sustainability, a green chemistry UHPLC method was developed employing a shorter C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) with ethanol and ammonium acetate buffer (50:50 v/v, pH 4.6 adjusted with acetic acid) as the mobile phase, reducing solvent toxicity and waste. The flow rate was decreased to 0.4–0.5 mL/min, resulting in shorter retention times of approximately 2.1 min and 3.4 min for Vinblastine and Vincristine, respectively. The green method maintained comparable purity and resolution (~7.8), with linearity, precision, and sensitivity matching the conventional approach. Additionally, solvent consumption and environmental impact were reduced by 60–70%, supporting greener analytical practices without sacrificing performance or regulatory compliance. This comparison demonstrates that the green UHPLC method provides an environmentally friendly and efficient alternative for the quantitative analysis of Vinblastine and Vincristine, aligning analytical rigor with the principles of green chemistry.
Development and Evaluation of Solvent-Evaporated Solid Dispersions of Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Monohydrate for Improved Biopharmaceutical Performance
This study aimed to enhance the solubility and oral bioavailability of Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Monohydrate (ZHM), a poorly water-soluble BCS Class II drug, by developing solid dispersions using hydrophilic carriers—PEG 6000, PVP K30, and urea—via solvent evaporation. Solid dispersions were prepared in drug-to-carrier ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 and characterized for physicochemical properties, drug content, melting point, FTIR compatibility, and in vitro dissolution. Results demonstrated that the 1:3 ratio with urea (SDUR3) exhibited the highest solubility and dissolution rate, achieving up to 86.32% drug release within 90 minutes. Melting point reduction indicated conversion to an amorphous form, and FTIR studies confirmed no chemical interactions, ensuring formulation stability. The enhanced dissolution is attributed to reduced crystallinity and improved wettability by the carriers. This research validates solid dispersion technology as an effective strategy to improve the oral delivery and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs like ZHM, with potential applicability in broader pharmaceutical formulations. Further studies are recommended to explore solubility mechanisms for optimization.
FROM PASSIVE REPORTING TO ACTIVE PARTICIPATION: ENGAGING COMMUNITIES IN PHARMACOVIGILANCE”-A REVIEW
Pharmacovigilance has traditionally depended on passive reporting systems, largely reliant on healthcare professionals, which remain limited by underreporting and delayed detection of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). In recent years, there has been a growing call for a more inclusive approach that actively engages patients, caregivers, and communities as core contributors to drug safety monitoring. This participatory model captures firsthand experiences, broadens the spectrum of safety data, and strengthens trust between patients, healthcare providers, and regulators. Digital innovations—such as mobile applications, electronic health records, and social media—further enable real-time community participation in signal detection and ADR reporting. International initiatives, including those by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the WHO-Uppsala Monitoring Centre, underscore the global movement toward people-centred pharmacovigilance. This review examines the shift from passive to active reporting, highlights global examples of community-driven pharmacovigilance, discusses key benefits and challenges, and proposes strategies for sustaining meaningful public engagement. By embracing community participation, pharmacovigilance can evolve into a more transparent, responsive, and patient-centred system, ultimately enhancing drug safety outcomes worldwide.
Ravanam Harshini Sri Rama Sai Rangavalli
Influencer Marketing and Customer Trust: A Study on Emotional Influence and Purchasing Behavior in the Digital Era
In recent years, digital platforms have witnessed a surge in influencer marketing, where influencers promote products through emotionally persuasive content and direct purchasing links. This marketing strategy often leads customers to make impulsive purchases based on trust and emotional appeal rather than rational decision-making. However, misleading promotions have also raised concerns regarding the authenticity of the products and the credibility of influencers. This study investigates the impact of influencer marketing on customer trust, purchasing behavior, and the implications of emotionally driven buying decisions. The research utilizes a mixed method approach involving a survey of 150 respondents and interviews with digital marketing professionals. Findings reveal that while influencers play a vital role in influencing customer choices, overdependence without verification may result in dissatisfaction and trust erosion.
This paper delves into consumer behavior regarding eco-friendly products, analyzing the factors that shape purchasing decisions and the hurdles to their adoption. As environmental concerns intensify, consumers are placing greater emphasis on sustainability, influenced by awareness, societal norms, and perceived advantages. However, obstacles such as price sensitivity, skepticism, and limited availability impede widespread adoption. The review emphasizes the crucial role of marketers and policymakers in tackling these challenges and fostering eco-friendly practices through transparent communication and supportive regulations. Future research should investigate the long-term market impacts and effective strategies for promoting sustainable behavior. The findings offer valuable insights for encouraging conscious consumerism and accelerating the transition to eco-friendly practices.
In an era of rapid technological advancements and globalization, skill gap analysis has become a crucial tool for understanding the disconnect between workforce capabilities and industry demands. This paper explores the factors contributing to skill gaps, their impact on organizational performance, and strategies to bridge these gaps. The analysis highlights the importance of continuous learning, industry-academia collaboration, and data-driven interventions to enhance workforce adaptability. The findings emphasize the need for proactive measures to align workforce skills with evolving job market requirements, ensuring long-term growth and competitiveness.
Exploring the Evolution and Impact of Green Marketing: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Green marketing has become a vital component of modern business strategies, driven by rising consumer awareness and demand for environmentally sustainable products. This literature review examines the evolution, impact, and challenges of green marketing by analyzing key areas, including consumer behavior, corporate social responsibility, ethical concerns, and regulatory influences. The findings suggest that green marketing positively impacts brand equity and consumer loyalty, with companies leveraging sustainable practices to gain a competitive edge. However, the review also highlights challenges, such as greenwashing and the need for industry-specific adaptations of green marketing strategies. Additionally, this review identifies critical research gaps, including the limited exploration of cross-cultural differences in green consumerism, the long-term impact of green branding on loyalty, and the lack of empirical assessments of environmental benefits. Addressing these gaps could improve the authenticity and effectiveness of green marketing, supporting the development of impactful, transparent sustainability practices. This review contributes to the ongoing dialogue in green marketing literature, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive, empirical studies that can guide businesses, policymakers, and researchers in adopting environmentally responsible marketing strategies that meet evolving consumer expectations.
Evaluating the Impact of Health schemes on the socio-economic well-being of forest dwellers in Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) areas – An Empirical Study from the East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh
The socio-economic well-being of tribal communities in India, particularly those residing in forested regions, has been a persistent challenge for policymakers. This study evaluates the impact of health schemes implemented by the Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) on the socio-economic well-being of forest dwellers in the East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. Through a combination of descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, the study examines the role of various demographic, socio-economic, and geographic factors in determining the accessibility, utilization, and effectiveness of these health schemes. The findings reveal that while gender and marital status do not significantly influence the effectiveness of health schemes, other factors such as age, education level, occupation, household income, number of dependents, and proximity to healthcare facilities are crucial in determining their success. The study identifies several challenges that hinder the effectiveness of these schemes, including financial constraints, occupational demands, and geographical isolation. To enhance the socio-economic well-being of forest dwellers, the study recommends tailoring health schemes to address these specific barriers, such as by implementing targeted health education programs, providing subsidized healthcare for low-income families, and improving access to healthcare in remote areas through mobile units or additional healthcare centers. These targeted interventions are essential for ensuring that all community members have equitable access to the healthcare services they need, ultimately improving their socio economic status and quality of life.
Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA)
DERIVATIVES AS A RISK HEDGING TOOL IN INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
This literature review explores the role of derivatives as risk hedging tools in India, examining their evolution, usage across sectors, and regulatory impact on financial stability. Derivatives, including currency, interest rate, and commodity-based instruments, have become vital for firms seeking to mitigate risks associated with India’s increasingly volatile economic environment. The review synthesizes empirical studies, highlighting how derivative usage contributes to corporate resilience and financial performance. However, barriers persist, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and retail investors, who face high transaction costs and limited access to derivative products. Furthermore, the review identifies several research gaps, such as the need for longitudinal studies on derivatives’ long-term impacts, cross-sectoral analyses, and comparative studies with global markets. It also suggests future directions, including the integration of financial technology, regulatory enhancements, and educational programs to improve derivative adoption. As India’s economy continues to globalize, addressing these gaps could enhance the effectiveness of derivatives, making them more accessible and valuable for broader market participants. This study contributes to the broader understanding of derivatives in India, emphasizing the importance of empirical research to support policy development, market innovation, and financial literacy in risk management.