Development and Evaluation of Solvent-Evaporated Solid Dispersions of Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Monohydrate for Improved Biopharmaceutical Performance

Authors

Keywords:

Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Monohydrate, solid dispersion, solubility, bioavailability, BCS Class II drugs, oral drug delivery

Abstract

This study aimed to enhance the solubility and oral bioavailability of  Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Monohydrate (ZHM), a poorly water-soluble BCS Class II drug, by developing solid dispersions using hydrophilic carriers—PEG 6000, PVP K30, and urea—via solvent evaporation. Solid dispersions were prepared in drug-to-carrier ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 and  characterized for physicochemical properties, drug content, melting point, FTIR compatibility, and in vitro dissolution. Results demonstrated that the 1:3 ratio with urea (SDUR3) exhibited the highest solubility and dissolution rate, achieving up to 86.32% drug release within 90 minutes. Melting point reduction indicated conversion to an amorphous form, and FTIR studies confirmed no chemical interactions, ensuring formulation stability. The enhanced dissolution is attributed to reduced crystallinity and improved wettability by the carriers. This research validates solid dispersion technology as an effective strategy to improve the oral delivery and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs like ZHM, with potential applicability in broader pharmaceutical formulations. Further studies are recommended to explore solubility mechanisms for optimization. 

Author Biographies

  • Dr Heera battu, Adikavi Nannaya University

                Dr. Heera Battu, M. Pharm., Ph.D. is a passionate and solution-focused pharmacist with an exceptional blend of creativity, empathy, and research excellence. He obtained his Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, in 2018, and has since excelled in diverse  academic, research, and professional roles.

                Dr. Battu has over 12 years of teaching experience and has developed self-learning materials for pharmacy students, fostering innovation in pharmacy education. His research expertise spans more than 5 years in controlled and targeted drug delivery systems, with a special focus on developing microemulsions, ethosomes and buccal films for oral and topical drug delivery to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble and permeable drugs.

                He has published over 30 research and review articles in reputed international and national journals, contributed to 10 oral and poster presentations at prestigious conferences, and holds 5 patents for his novel research contributions. He has also served as Chairman and Co-chairman in leading pharmacy conferences, reflecting his leadership in the field.

                Dr. Battu’s outstanding contributions have been recognized with several honors, including the Adarsha Vidya Saraswathi Rashtriya Purskar (2022) for excellence in research, Top 100 Professors of India (2022), the Best Teacher Award (2023) by the Research India Foundation, and the Quality Research Award (2025).

                In addition to his academic and research accomplishments, Dr. Battu is actively involved in professional organizations. He is a Lifetime Member of the Association of Pharmacy Teachers of India (APTI) and the Indian Pharmaceutical Association (IPA). He also serves as a Lifetime Editorial Board Member of a reputed journal and contributes to social service as the General Secretary of two NGOs dedicated to education and healthcare.

  • Dr K Nithiyananthan, Adikavi Nannaya University

    Dr. K. Nithiyananthan, M.Pharm., Ph.D., is an accomplished pharmaceutical scientist and academician with 25 years of diverse experience, including 8 years in the pharmaceutical industry and 17 years in teaching and research. He specializes in pharmaceutical analysis, quality by design (QbD), analytical method development, validation, and regulatory affairs. Currently serving as an Assistant Professor at Adikavi Nannaya University, he has taught a wide range of UG and PG subjects, guided students, and contributed to academic administration, including NAAC, AICTE, PCI, ISO, and University documentation. His industrial work spans HPLC, GC, stability studies, forced degradation, and formulation of tablets, capsules, and topical preparations, with significant contributions to cGMP-compliant research. Dr. Nithiyananthan has published extensively in reputed journals, authored textbooks, and delivered invited talks at national conferences. Recognized with the Best Doctoral Thesis Award (2025), he also serves on editorial boards and professional associations, reflecting his commitment to pharmaceutical education, research, and innovation.

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Published

2025-07-31

Issue

Vol. 1 No. 5 (2025): GLOBAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY AREAS - July Edition

Section

Articles

License

"This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. You are free to share, remix, adapt, and build upon the material, even for commercial purposes, as long as you credit the original author."

How to Cite

Development and Evaluation of Solvent-Evaporated Solid Dispersions of Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Monohydrate for Improved Biopharmaceutical Performance. (2025). Global Journal of Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Areas (3049-4168), 1(5). https://gjirma.com/index.php/home/article/view/9

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